Geography - Climate Change Essay - 958 Words

Title: Compare and contrast the contributing factors of climate change and argue that there is a need for more economically developed nations to take the lead. Nations around the world have been contributing to climate change by damaging natural environments and releasing greenhouse gases and there is a need for more economically developed nations. There are different contributing factor, but the majority of these contributions are from the more economically developed nations. Although the less economically developed nations do not contribute as much as the More economically developed nations, they are the ones that are affected the most. More economically developed nations are not affected as much because they have enough resources to†¦show more content†¦This is not just because more economically developed nations have more carbon emission and should have more responsibility; it is also about the future of these developed nations. Even if the more economically developed nations do not help the less economically developed nations, the effects of climate change will still affect the developed nations. More importantly, the less eco nomically developed nations’ economic impact to the world from climate change will have some amount of impacts to the more economically developed nations. So by taking the lead and help the less economically developed nations to survive in climate change, more economically developed nations can economically benefits Overall, all the nations are contributing to climate change and all of them should have a responsibility. In contrast, more economically developed nations contributes more to climate change than less economically developed nations does but unfortunately less economically developed nations are facing more problems from the climate change. 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Sustainable Space Tourism Consumer Behavior

Question: Describe about the Sustainable Space Tourism for Consumer Behavior? Answer: Introduction Luxury product or service in economics is termed as any product or service that behaves separately from the law of demand. Demand for luxury products rise when income of an individual increases comprehensively are consumed by people with higher level of disposable income, and are generally that are treated as a possession to show off (Duval and Hall 2015). For this particular project, the luxury product chosen is Virgin Galactic Space Tourism. Luxury tourism when defined states the high level of expectation and superiority of services and generating higher level of satisfaction by incurring higher amount of expenditures. This particular segment of space tourism is considered as luxurious primarily because of the higher cost involvement and its ability to treat the travelers with the unique scope to visualize the landscape abode and beauty of the planet from the sky (Hall and Page 2014). The target market of space tourism is identified as follows: Age factor: Age factor is the most crucial determinant of space tourism. Generally, people belonging to the age group of 20- 45 years are more reluctant towards undertaking space tourism. Involvement of adventure and enthusiasm to enjoy stratospheric beauty and landscape make this particular tourism a perfect match for young and middle aged people (Ma and Hassink 2013). Location factor: Location factor is another important derivative of tourism as taste and preference of people regarding choice of tourism spot determines whether tourism activity will flourish or not. Attractive locations and its capability to provide adventure and most importantly treat people with the adventures of the sky is another factor that will highly regulate space tourism (Reddy Nica and Wilkes 2012). Income pattern and expenses: Level of income and pattern of expenditure of individuals are considered as another determinant of tourism. Space tourism being expensive in nature, therefore, people belonging to higher income group is more vulnerable towards availing this particular tourism service. Therefore, expense pattern of people emerges to be another criteria for targeting the market. People who are generally interested towards expensing lavishly to treat themselves with new services can be another attributes for flourishing space tourism. After reviewing the possible factors that regulates space tourism the two most important factors that will positively highlight the target - market is dependent on individual traits of higher income generation and people belonging to the identified age group (Ringer 2013). Methods Business highlight Virgin galactic space tourism is the latest introduction to the tourism industry; where dedicated professionals like engineers, scientists have taken the effort of introducing the first commercial space liner aircraft facilities for the enthusiasts willing to explore the scenic beauty of the earth from the space. The company aims to provide space tourists suborbital space flights and takes part in suborbital launches of small satellites and science missions. Even the tourists are supposed to be provided with the service of riding controlled helium balloons that would be taking them over the clouds (Thurlow and Jaworski 2013). In order to highlight the reason why people prefer to choose luxury tourism as their choice or preference are highlighted through review of the different factors that generates preference of people towards conducting space tourism. These are: Changes in customer values: Changes in the values of customers regarding consumption of luxury products has been one of the prime reasons behind growing trends of luxury tourism. Presently, individuals have become more inclined and attracted towards any particular service that provides them a feeling of uniqueness and experience something that provides higher level of satisfaction (Webber 2013). Changes in pattern of business: With changing pattern of demand of the consumers, the service providers are also directed towards providing differentiated services to stay ahead in competition. Service providers or tour operators started to provide tour services to extreme places and adventures and introduction of space tourism now determines the brilliance of visualizing landscape beauty from the stratosphere (Duval and Hall 2015). Consumer behavior factor is dependent on some common factors such as sociological factor. Cultural factors are considered to be the most important factors that regulates luxury tourism. The two most important sociological factors that determine the generation and flourishing of space tourism are stated as follows: Social classes- People belonging to different classes and parts of the society generally possess desires of treating themselves with different types of services. Level of income and pattern of investment are the two important traits behind availing a particular service. However, from the context of luxury tourism, specifically space tourism, people belonging to higher level of society with higher level of purchasing power are generally inclined towards availing this particular service (Ringer 2013). Trends of culture- Highlighting the factors out from the concept of general economics, luxury tourism does not follow the law of demand. Bandwagon effect is considered to be one of the prime reasons behind availing this particular form of services. Space tourism being considered as a pattern and trend of popularity and something to show off, people will be generally interested towards highlighting their choice and preference. Cultural trend of space tourism being on the higher side, people generally prefer to be attached with the service having greater brand value and proposition (Hall and Page 2014). Result/ Findings Figure 1: Increased rate of growth tourism form 2010 and projections until 2017 (Source :Webber 2013) After going through the changes in the pattern of tourism in all over the world, it can be stated that space tourism has been emerging as one of the trendiest pattern of tourism activity. In 2010, 16.1 % people were interested towards availing space tourism activity and the trends have risen in the following years with 18.9% of total number of tourists have taken space tours. In the upcoming years, the tourism activity in this particular sector is expected to rise up to 19.4% in 2017 (Reddy Nica and Wilkes 2012). Conclusion After reviewing the trends of space tourism, it can be stated that, space tourism will enjoy massive popularity in the upcoming years and increased activity from the people belonging to the higher income group and generally belonging to lower age group. Luxury tourism definitely highlights the factors like purchasing power of individuals and growing trends of extreme adventure tourism. Reference Duval, D.T. and Hall, C.M., 2015. Sustainable space tourism.The Routledge Handbook of Tourism and Sustainability, p.450. Hall, M.C. and Page, S.J., 2014.The geography of tourism and recreation: Environment, place and space. Routledge. Ma, M. and Hassink, R., 2013. An evolutionary perspective on tourism area development.Annals of Tourism Research,41, pp.89-109. Reddy, M.V., Nica, M. and Wilkes, K., 2012. Space tourism: Research recommendations for the future of the industry and perspectives of potential participants.Tourism Management,33(5), pp.1093-1102. Ringer, G. ed., 2013.Destinations: cultural landscapes of tourism. Routledge. Stangl, B., Kastner, M. and Polsterer, F., 2012, January. Social Virtual Worlds' Success Factors: Four Studies' Insights for the Tourism Supply and Demand Side. InSystem Science (HICSS), 2012 45th Hawaii International Conference on(pp. 993-1002). IEEE. Thurlow, C. and Jaworski, A., 2013. Visibleinvisible: The social semiotics of labour in luxury tourism.Elite Mobilities, pp.176-193. Webber, D., 2013. Space tourism: Its history, future and importance.Acta Astronautica,92(2), pp.138-143.

Holocaust Report Essays - Responsibility For The Holocaust

Holocaust Report The Holocaust Sitting here, I watch the guard patrol the fence like a wolf waiting to pounce on its prey. The stench of burning flesh is in the air. I can't see anything past the barb wire in the distance. I can only see soldiers in the main yard of the compound. To the right of me, I spot a group of people who are lined up to go into a building covered with camouflage. The soldiers are yelling ?shnel, shnel? as they herd the people into the building like a group of cattle. In the back of this building I see a cloud of smoke rising into the dark sky. Some people say that once the soldiers take you there, you never come back. They say the smoke you see is not really smoke, it is the souls of the people that have disappeared in there. There are many people here that I have never seen before. They all look so different. Some still have meat on their bones, some look like a rack of bones. These soldiers do not feed us often. Only on certain days do they let us out of the permanent shelter that we are in. I feel like I have no energy, and I have not eaten in days. I wonder if I will I ever live through this. This is what Jewish people and Gypsies had to go through in World War 2. They were persecuted by Hitler's army of Nazis. These people did not harm anyone, but Hitler felt they threatened the new Germany he was building. Hitler blamed them for the economic hardship they were going through. Just because they were Jewish, they were sought out and put into concentration camps. These people were brought to these camps to be eliminated. If you did not meet the criteria for the ?New Germany?, then you would be eliminated. How can someone just forget about what happened back then? To me, that is not easy to forget about. I think you must study past atrocities to understand our own times. The world let it happen once, and that is enough. We should learn from our mistakes and apply that to the future. If we focus on what is going on now, and not learning what went on in the past, we can English Essays

Favorite Quotes From Faulkners As I Lay Dying

Favorite Quotes From Faulkners As I Lay Dying As I Lay Dying is the fictional chronicle of Addie Bundrens death. The family undertakes a journey to bury her body. The novel is narrated with the shifting viewpoints of 15 characters- made all the more vivid with Faulkners use of the vernacular and stream-of-consciousness style. Here are a few quotes from As I Lay Dying. Riches is nothing in the face of the Lord, for He can see into the heart.The quilt is drawn up to her chin, hot as it is, with only her two hands and her face outside. She is propped on the pillow, with her head raised so she can see out the window, and we can hear him every time he takes up the adze or the saw. If we were deaf we could almost watch her face and hear him, see him. Her face is wasted away so that the bones draw just under the skin in white lines. Her eyes are like two candles when you watch them gutter down into the sockets of iron candlesticks. But the eternal and the everlasting salvation and grace is not upon her.I know her. Wagon or no wagon, she wouldnt wait. Then shed be upset, and I wouldnt upset her for the living world. With that family burying-ground in Jefferson and them of her blood waiting for her there, shell be impatient. I promised my word me and the boys would get her there quick as mules could walk it, so she could rest quiet.I have heard men cuss th eir luck, and right, for they were sinful men. But I do not say its a curse on me, because I have done no wrong to be cussed by. I am not religious, I reckon. But peace is my heart: I know it is. I have done things but neither better nor worse than them that pretend otherlike, and I know that Old Marster will care for me as for ere a sparrow that falls. But is seems hard that a man in his need could be so flouted by a road. I knew that nobody but a luckless man could ever need a doctor in the face of a cyclone.Its because Im alone. If I could just feel it, it would be different, because I would not be alone. But if I were not alone, everybody would know it. And he could do so much for me, and then I would not be alone. Then I could be all right alone.I reckon if theres ere a man or woman anywhere that He could turn it all over to and go away with His mind at rest, it would be Cora. And I reckon she would make a few changes, no matter how He was running it. And I reckon they would be for mans good. Leastways, we would have to like them. Leastways, we might as well go on and make like we did.The wagon moves; the mules ears begin to bob. Behind us, above the house, motionless in tall and soaring circles, they diminish and disappear.We go on, with a motion so soporific, so dreamlike as to be uninferant of progress, as though time and not space were decreasing between us and it.I heard that my mother is dead . I wish I had time to let her die. I wish I had time to wish I had. It is because the wild and outraged earth too soon too soon too soon. She cried hard, maybe because she had to cry so quiet; maybe because she felt the same way about tears she did about deceit, hating herself for doing it, hating him because she had to. And then I knew that I knew. I knew that as plain on that day as I knew about Dewey Dell on that day.It is as though the space between us were time: an irrevocable quality. It is as though time, no longer running straight before us in a diminishing line, now runs parallel between us like a looping string, the distance being the doubling accretion of the thread an not the interval between.Because it is not us that can judge our sins or know what is sin in the Lords eyes. She has had a hard life, but so does every woman. But youd think from the way she talked that she knew more about sin and salvation than the Lord God Himself, than them who have strove and labored with the sin in this human world.While I waited for him in the woods, waiting for him before he saw me, I would think of him as dressed in si n. I would think of him as thinking of me as dressed also in sin, he the more beautiful since the garment which he had exchanged for sin was sanctified. I would think of the sin as garments which we would remove in order to shape and coerce the terrible blood to the forlorn echo o the dead word high in the air. Then I would lay with Anse again - I did not lie to him: I just refused, just as I refused my breast to Cash and Darl after their time was uphearing the dark land talking the voiceless speech. I give that money. I thought that if I could do without eating, my sons could do without riding. God knows I did.It had been dead eight days, Albert said. They came from some place in Yoknapatawpha County, trying to get to Jefferson with it. It must have been like a piece of rotten cheese coming into an anti-hill, in that ramshackle wagon that Albert said folks were scared would fall all to pieces before they could get it out of town, with that home-made box and another fellow with a broken leg lying on a quilt on top of it, and the father and a little boy sitting on the seat and the marshal trying to make them get out of town.Jewel came back. He was walking. Jewel hasnt got a horse anymore. Jewel is my brother. Cash is my brother. Cash has a broken leg. We fixed Cashs leg so it doesnt hurt. Cash is my brother. Jewel is my brother too, but he hasnt got a broken leg.When I went to find where they stay at night, I saw something that Dewey Dell says I mustnt never tell nobody. Life was created in the valleys. It blew up into the hills on the old terrors, the old lusts, the old despairs. Thats why you must walk up the hills so you can ride down.Sometimes I aint so sho whos got ere a right to say when a man is crazy and when he aint. Sometimes I think it aint none of us pure crazy and aint none of us pure sane until the balance of us talks him that-a-way. Its like it aint so much what a fellow does, but its the way the majority of folks is looking at him when he does it.She looked pretty good. One of them black eyed ones that look like shed as soon put a knife in you as not if you two-timed her. She looked pretty good.Yes yes yes yes yes yes yes.Its Cash and Jewel and Vardaman and Dewey Dell, pa says, kind of hangdog and proud too, with his teeth and all, even if he wouldnt look at us. Meet Mrs Bundren, he says.

GREAT EXPECTATION BY CHARLES DICKENS Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

GREAT EXPECTATION BY CHARLES DICKENS - Essay Example The story is written during Victorian era and provides an emphasis on a sense of social duty, family support relationship and feeling of respect and honor to each other. This is a changing period for Great Britain. This is considered to be the time of dilatation worldwide and becoming strong and powerful country. With the changing of economy and technical development people alter by themselves and transform their way of thinking and perception of world in general and literature particularly (Hughes, 3-5). Victorian literature is directed on a mass reader and focused on high amount of people who are going to read this or that novel. That is why, it may be suggested that Dickens decides reveal on the problems which are relevant for the society and for each humane personally. Moreover, he provides a solution to change the end of the story to a positive one. This might be done for readers to leave a desirable outcome and satisfactory effect from the book. As nineteenth century was not easy time for British citizens Dickens wants to bring a positive note in their lives. The central figure of the novel is Philip Pirrip also called Pip, and Charles Dickens leaves a part of his experience and feelings in this character. He was an orphan, â€Å"a dull, awkward, labouring-boy† (Dickens, 59) who do appreciate his life and considered to be unhappy. His education and growth is the deal of his sister, Mrs. Georgiana Maria Gargery who is â€Å"not a good looking woman† (Dickens, 26), but her character is a hundred times worse than her outlook. She yelps, irritates, trounce her husband and little Pip. This lady has a little devil deep inside in her heart and he is deplorable and wretched. Nevertheless, Pip is acquired kind and sensitive character together with the sincere and pure soul. One day this boy is faced with a chance for bright future in

Paper 3 (The Final) Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Paper 3 (The Final) - Essay Example Lady Gaga has been a trendsetter in fashion and beauty for several years to date. Her photo to be featured in this paper and the way it was presented is similar to how she portrayed herself in public – deviant and trendsetter. Beyonce, on the other hand, has been a role model of popular culture for more than a decade now. She depicts talent and beauty that most young people look up to and desired to be. These two personalities in their own ways set the standards for beauty and define what popular culture is. By this, my paper will try to evaluate the effect of popular culture in people’s perception of beauty. I will explore two photos to prove that there is a connection between the photos, the popular culture and its role in influencing people’s lives and perspectives in terms of their social roles and in the aspect of beauty in particular. In the study conducted by Barbara Read entitled â€Å"Britney, Beyonce and me – Primary school girls’ role mo dels and constructions of the ‘popular girl’† it was discussed how gender and culture shape the values of young girls today into aligning with the experiences observed from their role models are, like for example Lady Gaga and Beyonce. According to Read (2), children’s peer culture play an important role in shaping the way they value things and construct meanings such that the more their friends want to become like their role models, they wanted the same things to happen to them too. According to the results of the study (Read 5), school girls look up to their female teachers primarily as their role models but this can be argued to be normal as teachers are the next best thing they normally look up to. The next school girls’ role models include female singers and performers such as Britney and Beyonce (Read 5). Source: American music photo set. The photo above is showing Beyonce as she performed Oxygen Festival in Ireland. The photo is an example of a framing vector in which the artist used edges of the image as well as other vectors within the image to direct viewer’s attention; this type was specifically used to include certain elements while excluding others (â€Å"Tools† 6). By using this type of vector, the artist or photographer was able to portray Beyonce as an object in which viewers can direct their attention (â€Å"Tools† 7). The objectified pop star can now be subjected to scrutiny and in turn may influence the perception of people especially pre-teen girls and women. They were able to see Beyonce in this photo as a role model in the way she look and dress and how beautiful and talented she is. The perspective of the photo was oblique in which there is a slightly more detached sense of involvement (â€Å"Tools† 14) and the long shot social distance that pertains to distance between people who are to remain strangers (â€Å"Tools† 17). In support to this claim, Read suggested in her work that pre-teen girls look up to people that are popular and are stranger to them (6). Read’s extensive works on the subject lead her to conclude that pop music had been important for pre teen girls in construction of their identity indicated by their interest in unknown or rare songs or bands/singers before looking up to anyone else (6).The photographer clearly conveyed the extent in which popular culture influenced a large number of people through capturing within the frame of this photo the millions of people looking up to Beyonce and by representing her as

Electricity and Magnetism Essay Example for Free

Electricity and Magnetism Essay In this investigation I will be burning a range of alcohol in a method known as calorimetry. This will allow me to see the amount of energy produced by each alcohol, and then look at the structure of the alcohol and investigate why an amount of energy is produced for each alcohol. Before I go on with the experiment there are several factors that must be first understood. What is an alcohol? The definition of an alcohol as taken from Richard Harwoods Chemistry textbook is a series of organic compounds containing the functional group OH. The OH group, called a hydroxyl group is what defines the compound as an alcohol. The alcohol compounds are very similar to the alkanes, however alcohols contain one oxygen atom, creating the hydroxyl group, and making the alkane an alkanol (alcohol). As the hydroxyl group makes the compound different to an alkane, the hydroxyl group is seen to be functional. The formula for alcohol is: In this investigation I will look at the first five alcohols. These are methanol, ethanol, propan-1-ol, butan-1-ol and pentan-1-ol. The classification of alcohols is similar to the classification of alkanes, where the name refers to the number of carbon atoms i. e.meth- one carbon atom, eth-=two carbon atoms, prop-=3 carbon atoms, but-=four carbon atoms, pent-=five carbon atoms and so on. The carbon atom that the hydroxyl group is bonded to may classify the alcohol further. If it is joined to the end carbon atom it is classified as -1-ol, if it is bonded to the second carbon atom it is classified as -2-ol and so on. The five alcohols I am testing are shown with formulas, and atomic structure diagrams below: Name RMM Formula Structure Boiling Point Methanol. What is combustion? The definition of combustion as taken from Richard Harwoods Chemistry textbook is a chemical reaction in which a substance reacts with oxygen the reaction is exothermic. Burning is a combustion reaction that produces a flame. The reactions that will take place in our investigation will be combustion reactions, as we burn the alcohol in calorimetry. The combustion of an alcohol produces carbon dioxide and water. This is represented by the following equation: ALCOHOL + OXYGEN i CARBON DIOXIDE + WATER e. g. The combustion of methanol produces carbon dioxide and water: METHANOL + OXYGEN i CARBON DIOXIDE + WATER 2CH3OH + 3O2 i 2CO2 + 4H2O What is calorimetry? Calorimetry is defined as the science of heat. It may be used in chemistry to measure the heat energy exchanged for a substance during a reaction, by allowing the substance reacting to heat a measured mass of liquid. The temperature change of this liquid is measured and recorded, and the following equation may be used to calculate the heat energy transferred to the liquid: Heat change = MC? T (where M = mass of liquid, C = critical temperature, and T = temperature change). The critical temperature is the proportionality between heat energy applied and the subsequent temperature rise. E. g. for 1g of water a temperature rise of 1 i C requires 4. 8 joules of heat energy. Using calorimetry may be used to measure both reactions in solution, and reactions not in solution. Wet reactions or those in solution are more accurate than those not in solution, as the actual energy release of the reaction is being measured directly as a thermometer is placed in the solution. For dry reactions, (a reaction not in solution such as the burning of an alcohol) the reaction must be used to heat a mass of water and the temperature increase measured from the water. As the combustion reaction must transfer its heat energy from the reaction to the water, calorimetry for dry reactions can be inaccurate due to heat loss. HYPOTHESIS I believe that the increased complexity of a molecule and the energy released by it are proportional. I found this idea upon the theory of breaking and making bonds. In a molecule, bonds hold atoms together. When these bonds are formed energy is given out to the surroundings (exothermic), and when these bonds are broken energy is absorbed from the surroundings (endothermic). This may be seen by the alcohols boiling points: Name Boiling Point Methanol 65 Ethanol 78 Propan-1-ol 97 Butan-1-ol 117 Pentan-1-ol 137 Using this theory of breaking/making bonds, we can say that there will be a greater amount of energy released from the combustion of a more complex alcohol, as more bonds will be formed. When more bonds are formed, more heat energy is released. The hypothesis may be seen on the flowing graph: TESTING To investigate the relationship between the structure and heat provided by combustion of a range of alcohols, we will use the method of calorimetry. We will do this by burning an alcohol, and allowing it to heat a mass of water. Measuring the temperature rise of this mass of water we can use the formula to find the heat energy released during the reaction. Apparatus == 1 can == 1 measuring cylinder == Water == 1 thermometer == 1 stand == 1 clamp == 1 boss == 1 heat mat == 1 alcohol burner/candle == 1 balance == Draught shields Fig1: Experiment setup. Method. Safety must be ensured at all times, as highly flammable substances are being burned here. All students must wear eye protection during the experiment, stay standing during the experiment, and be aware of the flames around them. 1. The apparatus is set up as shown in fig 1. 2. The alcohol candle is weighed on the balance, and the mass recorded. 3. The mass of water in the can measured and recorded 4. The height between the candlewick, and the base of the can must be set and recorded, measuring the distance with a ruler. 5. The temperature of the water is measured and recorded using the thermometer. 6. The candle is lit and the thermometer monitored until the water has risen by a given temperature. 7. The candle is blown out, the burnt wax on the base removed of the candle, and the candle is weighed. The data produced by this method will then be calculated by the formulas: ? H (j) = mass of water (g) X specific heat capacity of water (S. H. C) X temperature rise (? C) The result of this is found per gram of alcohol burnt by dividing it by the change of mass ? H per gram of alcohol burnt (J/g) = ? H (? C) / change in mass (g) The results of this are the found per mole of alcohol burnt. ? H per gram of alcohol burnt per mole (J/mole) = ? H per gram of alcohol burnt (g) X RMM of alcohol Variables There are two types of variables: dependant variables and independent variables. Dependant variables are those that are kept constant at a set value, so that they cannot cause variation in the results, by changing throughout the experiments. There should only be one independent variable in a test, this is what is being tested. Therefore the dependent variables for this investigation are as follows (see fig 2): 1. The distance of the wick from the base of the can The distance of the flame from the base of the can may vary the results greatly, as it will decide how much of the flames heat is transferred directly to the can and to the water. The experiment should allow the flame to contact the can at its hottest point. The most accurate and safe way to measure flame distance from the can is to measure the distance of the wick. For the purposes of our experiment this should be accurate enough. Measuring the distance from the wick and the base of the can each time will control this variable. 2. The mass of water heated. The volume of water can vary the experiment greatly, as the greater the mass of water used, the more alcohol will be combusted to reach the target temperature. Also when a greater mass of water is used, the test will go on for longer, and thus a greater amount of energy will be transferred to the surroundings as wasted energy. Measuring the amount of water used each time will control this variable. 3. The type of can used. The type metal the can is made from is extremely important to the experiment, as different metals conduct heat with different efficiency and at different rates. Therefore the type of can used will affect the heat transfer to the water. Using the same can each time will control this variable. 4. The heat increase The heat increase can vary the experiment, as the greater the energy increase, the greater the mass of alcohol burnt, and the greater amount of energy transferred to the surroundings as waste. The start temperature may affect the results, as the higher the temperature the equipment reaches, the more heat will be wasted in the surroundings, according to the theory that heat energy moves from areas of high heat energy to areas of low energy. By allowing the equipment to cool after each experiment to a set temperature this variable may be controlled. 5. Stirring of the water Stirring the water will affect the results, as it means that the whole mass accounted for in the calculation will be being heated, not just one volume of water. The type of stirring in terms of frequency and power may affect the results also, and must be kept constant. To control this variable, the same type of stirring will be used each time. The only variable in the experiment will be the changing type of alcohol being combusted, as this is what is being investigated.